Q-1. What is the purpose of seven layer?
For the Source-to-Destination delivery of the entire message,the transport layer is responsible.
Session layer maintain establishes and synchronizes the interactions b/w communicating devices.
The presentation layer make sure interchangeability b/w communicating devices by transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format.
The application layer enables us to access the network.
Session layer maintain establishes and synchronizes the interactions b/w communicating devices.
The presentation layer make sure interchangeability b/w communicating devices by transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format.
The application layer enables us to access the network.
Q-2. What is PPP?
The Point-to-Point Protocol is designed for users who need a trusted point-to-point connection to the Internet.
PPP operates at the data link and physical layers of the OSI model.
PPP operates at the data link and physical layers of the OSI model.
Q-3. Explain the three types of addresses in TCP/IP?
There are three types of addresses are used by systems using the TCP/IP protocol:
1. the internet work address,
2. the physical address, and
3. the port address.
The physical address, it is also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its WAN or LAN.
The IP address defines uniquely a host on the Internet.
The port address recognize a process on a host.
1. the internet work address,
2. the physical address, and
3. the port address.
The physical address, it is also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its WAN or LAN.
The IP address defines uniquely a host on the Internet.
The port address recognize a process on a host.
Q-4. Explain the purpose of various layers?
The functions which are required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium is coordinated by physical layer.
To deliver data units from one station to the next without errors the data link layer is responsible.
For the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links the network layer is responsible.
For the source-to-destination delivery of the total message the transport layer is responsible.
The session layer maintains, establishes & synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices.
The presentation layer ensures interchangeability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format.
The application layer enables the users to access the network.
To deliver data units from one station to the next without errors the data link layer is responsible.
For the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links the network layer is responsible.
For the source-to-destination delivery of the total message the transport layer is responsible.
The session layer maintains, establishes & synchronizes the interactions between communicating devices.
The presentation layer ensures interchangeability between communicating devices through transformation of data into a mutually agreed-upon format.
The application layer enables the users to access the network.
Q-5. How the errors are detected in IP?
Check sum is The error detection method used by IP.
The check sum uses one’s complement arithmetic for adding equal-size sections of the IP header.
The result is stored in the check sum field. The receiver uses one’s complement arithmetic to check the header.
The check sum uses one’s complement arithmetic for adding equal-size sections of the IP header.
The result is stored in the check sum field. The receiver uses one’s complement arithmetic to check the header.
Q-6. What are the fields included in routing table?
The routing table can includes seven fields:
1. a destination address,
2. a mask,
3. a next-hop address,
4. a reference count,
5. flags,
6. a use, and
7. an interface.
until a match is found the routing module applies the mask, row by row, to the received destination address.
Classless addressing requires geographical and hierarchical routing to prevent immense routing tables.
1. a destination address,
2. a mask,
3. a next-hop address,
4. a reference count,
5. flags,
6. a use, and
7. an interface.
until a match is found the routing module applies the mask, row by row, to the received destination address.
Classless addressing requires geographical and hierarchical routing to prevent immense routing tables.
Q-7. What is Fragmentation?
It is the division of a datagram into smaller units to accommodate the MTU of a data link protocol.
The fields in the IP header which is related to fragmentation are the identification number,the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
The IP datagram header consists of a fixed, 20-byte section and a variable options section with a maximum of 40 bytes.
The fields in the IP header which is related to fragmentation are the identification number,the fragmentation flags, and the fragmentation offset.
The IP datagram header consists of a fixed, 20-byte section and a variable options section with a maximum of 40 bytes.
Q-8. What is the function of routing table?
All host or router has a routing table for route IP packets.
In next hop routing rather than a complete list of the stops the packet makes only the address of the next hop is listed in the routing table.
In network specific routing every hosts on a network share one entry in the routing table.
In hosts specific routing the full IP address of a host is given in the routing table.
In default routing, a router is assigned to receive all packets with no match in the routing table.
In next hop routing rather than a complete list of the stops the packet makes only the address of the next hop is listed in the routing table.
In network specific routing every hosts on a network share one entry in the routing table.
In hosts specific routing the full IP address of a host is given in the routing table.
In default routing, a router is assigned to receive all packets with no match in the routing table.
Q-9. What is static and dynamic routing?
A router with manually configured routing tables is known as a static router.
A router with dynamically configured routing tables is known as a dynamic router.
An administrator updates manually the static routing table’s entries.
By a routing protocol a dynamic routing table’s entries are updated automatically.
A router with dynamically configured routing tables is known as a dynamic router.
An administrator updates manually the static routing table’s entries.
By a routing protocol a dynamic routing table’s entries are updated automatically.
Q-10. What is meant by masking ?
It is a process that extracts the network address from the IP address.
Subnet masking is a process that extracts the sub-network address from the IP address.
A network or subnet address is taken from applying the bit-wise AND operation on the IP address and the mask.
Subnet masking is a process that extracts the sub-network address from the IP address.
A network or subnet address is taken from applying the bit-wise AND operation on the IP address and the mask.
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